23,250 research outputs found
Work Rules, Featherbedding, and Pareto-Optimal Union Management Bargaining
The recent literature on the economic behavior of unions is dominated by a controversy over whether or not bargaining is Pareto optimal. If unions care about employment as well as wages, efficient bargains between unions and management "should" involve both these variables rather than only wages. In fact, explicit bargaining over employment levels is virtually unknown. There is, however, implicit bargaining over employment in the form of rules concerning the labor/capital ratio, job assignment, work speeds, and the like.This paper examines a model of "semi-efficient" bargaining in which the unionand the firm bargain over wages and various types of work rules. The results are compared to the outcomes that are associated with fully efficient bargaining (i.e, over wages and the level of employment) and bargaining solely over wages. Of particular interest is the case in which the union and the firm mutually consent to "feather bedding" agreements (requiring the hiring of workers with zero marginal product). The major conclusion of the paper is that the outcome of collective bargaining is different in the case of negotiations over work rules and wages than in both the cases of fully efficient bargaining and of bargaining solely over wages. In general, however, the outcome of this "partially efficient" bargaining process is closer to the outcome of bargaining solely over wages than to that associated with fully efficient bargaining over both wages and employment.
High-density nuclear matter with nonlocal confining solitons
An infinite system of nonlocal, individually confining solitons is considered
as a model of high-density nuclear matter. The soliton-lattice problem is
discussed in the Wigner-Seitz approximation. The cell size is varied to study
the density dependence of physical quantities of interest. A transition to a
system where quarks can migrate between solitons is found. We argue that this
signals quark deconfinement. The model is applied to the calculation of
selected in-medium properties.Comment: 23 pages with 10 figure
Theclinae of Rondonia, Brazil: Strymon HĂĽbner : with descriptions of new species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Twenty-two species of Strymon are known from the vicinity of Cacaulandia in Rondonia, Brazil, of which 14 are new species. These belong to 5 species groups: the "oreala" group [Strymon megarus (Godart)]; the "ziba" group [Strymon ziba (Hewitson), Strymon thulia (Hewitson), Strymon spinatus new species, Strymon latamaculus new species, Strymon pallidulus new species, Stlymon tholus new species]; "valentina" group [Strymon rotundum new species]; "crossoea" group [Strymon crossoea (Hewitson), Strymon crambusa (Hewitson), Stlymon germana new species, Strymon novasignum new species, Strymon clavus new species, Strymon implexus new species, Strymon inmirum new species, Strymon incanus new species, Strymon faunalia (Hewitson), Strymon halos new species, Strymon conspergus new species, Strymon bazochii (Godart), Strymon diagonalis new species]; and "eurytulus" group [Strymon bubastus (Stoll)]. Tentative subgroups of species are suggested for the "crossoea" group as they occur in Rondonia. A neotype is designated for Tmolus basilides and the name synonymized with Strymon megarus. The "basilides" group of Johnson et al. (1990) is renamed the "ziba" group. Based on lectotype designations and superficial and genital differences, S. ziba and S. thu.lia are elevated to specific status
Theclinae of Rondonia, Brazil: Gigantorubra and Angulopis : with descriptions of new species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
The species of Gigantombra and Angulopis encountered in the Caca ulandia area of central Rondonia, Brazil, are reviewed. These include ten species (all new) of Gigantombra (G. microserrata, G. dl:vergens, G. quadramacula, G. ampla, G. fuscafascia, G. silva, G. rondonia, G. obscura, G. pelplexa, G. pUlpura) and one new species of Angulo pis (A. tenuis). Thecla sangala Hewitson (1868) is recognized as having priority over Theela autoelea Hewitson (1863-1878 [1877]), new synonym. Rondonia continues to appear as a center ofthecline endemism and to provide abundant examples of sibling species diversity
What are the causes of rising wage inequality in the United States?
During the last 15 years--especially in the 1980s--wage inequality rose in the United States. It appears that this can be explained by a secular shift in production functions favoring workers with intellectual rather than manual skills, together with slower growth in the supply of skilled labor than in the previous decade.Education ; Labor supply ; Wages ; Income distribution
On multi-view learning with additive models
In many scientific settings data can be naturally partitioned into variable
groupings called views. Common examples include environmental (1st view) and
genetic information (2nd view) in ecological applications, chemical (1st view)
and biological (2nd view) data in drug discovery. Multi-view data also occur in
text analysis and proteomics applications where one view consists of a graph
with observations as the vertices and a weighted measure of pairwise similarity
between observations as the edges. Further, in several of these applications
the observations can be partitioned into two sets, one where the response is
observed (labeled) and the other where the response is not (unlabeled). The
problem for simultaneously addressing viewed data and incorporating unlabeled
observations in training is referred to as multi-view transductive learning. In
this work we introduce and study a comprehensive generalized fixed point
additive modeling framework for multi-view transductive learning, where any
view is represented by a linear smoother. The problem of view selection is
discussed using a generalized Akaike Information Criterion, which provides an
approach for testing the contribution of each view. An efficient implementation
is provided for fitting these models with both backfitting and local-scoring
type algorithms adjusted to semi-supervised graph-based learning. The proposed
technique is assessed on both synthetic and real data sets and is shown to be
competitive to state-of-the-art co-training and graph-based techniques.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/08-AOAS202 the Annals of
Applied Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aoas/) by the Institute of
Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org
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